Document Type: Book (Technical Reference)

Purpose: Authoritative reference

Authority: Manufacturer

Scope: Written in 1959 by Charles W. Myers and Gerald B. Wagner of the Service Training School, Aircraft Gas Turbine Division, General Electric Company in 1959 for students of the GE schoolhouse.

From the Introduction: "This manual has been written in an endeavor to equip investigators to analyze a turbojet power plant involved in an accident, to enable him to recognize pertinent evidence, and to distinguish between causes and results. In order to attain this, the investigator must have a thorough knowledge of the theory of operation of a turbojet engine, an understanding of the various systems, their operation and correlation, engine operating procedures and limits, and a complete knowledge of the crash-involved engine and its systems. The material in this manual includes an introduction to these prerequisites and a section on investigative techniques and analysis.

Accidents don't "Just Happen." There is a reason that can be traced to a human error. The human error was an oversight or negligence somewhere along the way. It may have been the designer selecting an inadequate ma-terial, inadequate Technical Orders, insufficient maintenance training, inadequate pilot physical ability, erroneous weather forecasting, inadequate airport planning or any of a great number of items or combinations thereof. Detail and thoroughness in investigations are of utmost necessity. Occasionally corrective action will not be taken because of being "not economically feasible". In these instances Safety of Flight loses the present round, but the statistics are used when new designs, standards and requirements are formulated. The efforts expended in the interest of safety of flight are never wasted."

Contents:

- INTRODUCTION

- SCOPE

- HISTORY OF ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

- PURPOSE OF ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

- APPROACH TO ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

- CHAPTER I - THEORY OF JET ENGINE OPERATION

-- INTRODUCTION -- HOW A JET OF AIR PROVIDES THRUST --- Thrust vs. Horse Power --- How the Engine Creates an Air Jet -- REGULATION OF THRUST --- Temperature, Pressure and Velocity Changes -- FUNCTION OF THE AXIAL-FLOW COMPRESSOR --- Measuring Compressor Capability. --- Compression Ratio and Compressor Capability --- Compressor Limitations Dictate Engine Design -- COMPRESSOR STALL

CHAPTER II - JET ENGINE SYSTEMS -- MAIN FUEL SYSTEMS --- Speed Control --- Typical Main Fuel Systems -- EMERGENCY FUEL SYSTEMS -- AFTERBURNER FUEL SYSTEMS -- VARIABLE-AREA EXHAUST NOZZLE SYSTEM --- Speed and Nozzle Schedules --- Typical Nozzle System

CHAPTER III - MALFUNCTION ANALYSIS

CHAPTER IV - POWER ESTIMATION -- DETERMINING ENGINE SPEED -- DETERMINING ENGINE OPERATING -- TEMPERATURE

CHAPTER V - CAUSE FACTOR ANALYSIS -- INTRODUCTION -- COMPRESSOR FAILURE --- Foreign Object Damage --- Compressor Spacer Rub --- Compressor Disk Rim Segment Failure --- Compressor Blade Fatigue Failure --- Compressor Rotor Shift (Bearing Failure ) -- DAMAGE RESULTING FROM STALL -- TURBINE FAILURES --- Turbine Bucket Failure --- Turbine Serration Failure --- Turbine Disk Failure -- OVER-TEMPERATURE OPERATION -- BEARING FAILURES -- FIRES